Primary Trait Analysis (PTA)… building scales that make performance criteria explicit in order to:

-Categorize/classify student work.

-Benchmark student learning and document changes.

-Improve validity of grading.

The book to the Right:
-Is a useful resource for classroom researchers.
-Aims at documenting how well students are achieving cognitive objectives and at providing evidence for change in achievement over time.
-Treats almost any conventional objection or concern about grading.

Walvoord, B. and Anderson, V. (1998) Effective Grading: A Tool for Learning and Assessment, Jossey-Bass