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Quantitative
-survey scores (Likert) -frequencies of multiple choice test item responses -scores on standardized scales and tests -counts (participation, web requests, office visits) -measures of time use -institutional research data (GPAs, grades, admissions scores, frequency distributions of demographics) |
Qualitative
-interviews (possibly recorded on tape) -focus groups -student projects, term papers, essay items or exams -reflective statements -journals -reports of others (counselors, etc.) |
In general, the more ways of gathering information and the more frequent the events in which information is gathered, the greater the validity of the study.
